Sunday, 30 December 2012
new m and s
Thursday, 27 December 2012
Pat Douthwaite non negotiable art
IT WAS Douglas Hall, former curator of the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, in a preface to the catalogue of Douthwaite's retrospective exhibition at Glasgow's late, lamented, Third Eye Centre - the artist's first major exhibition in Scotland, incidentally - who called her ''a modern representative of the peintres maudits, unfortunate creative people like Modigliani, who were overwhelmed by the difficulties of life''. A reader might justifiably have sensed that Hall, like myself, is an admirer of Pat Douthwaite's work. On an earlier occasion, indeed, he had drawn the Scots painter into the ambience of yet another major European genius. ''Like Baudelaire she is an artist able to create very directly and very beautifully out of the experience of evil whether it is felt as pain, alienation, or psychic distress.'' The lasting interest in such work, he felt, derives from the tension between the ugliness with which the artist grapples and the beauty of the means of expression. Pat Douthwaite must have been born with this creative psychic imbalance. But she was fortunate in that circumstances allowed her to bypass the typical British barrier of inhibition that a conventional art education tends to erect. Born in 1939, as a Glasgow eight-year-old she was sent to study mime, movement, and modern dance with Margaret Moms whose husband, JD Fergusson, undoubtedly influenced her attitude to drawing and painting, used as uninhibited self-expression. Her first success, however, was in mime, when she won a Phyllis Calvert scholarship. And without any doubt performance, theatricality, remained at the very centre of her creativity. Still barely out of her teens, Douthwaite went to live in Suffolk with a group of painters that included the expatriate Scots, Colquhoun, MacBryde, and Bill Crozier, a warren of uninhibited individualists in which she thrived, making huge, layered collages in which the influence of Dubuffet might be sensed. In East Anglia, Douthwaite met the already successful artist Paul Hogarth and they were married in 1960. It lasted 10 years after which she led a nomadic existence. Feeling increasingly alienated she lived but never settled in different parts of Ayrshire and the south of Scotland as well as Edinburgh. In what was to be a turbulent existence - often enough, it must be said, of her own making - her growing mastery of means seldom failed her. Douthwaite, the raw female, remained at the centre of all her work, with all that that implies of vulnerability, unacceptable drives, emotional demands, frustrations, rages, and occasional ecstasies - yet still a million miles away from ''militant feminism''. Her work is never less than alive with an inner energy, whether her subject matter concerns the languor or the lethal playfulness of cats or tigers, (and Douthwaite continually fed her vision by taking off for exotic, faraway places like India or Peru), the iconic figures of female bandits, media sex queens, or real-life heroines - Amy Johnson the aviator sparked off one of Douthwaite's most brilliantly sustained and memorable essays in self-identification. An interest in goddesses, too, women of mythology, came to a climax in a series of drawings done in collaboration with her friend, Robert Graves, who wrote the introduction to her exhibition, Worshipped Women, at the 1982 Edinburgh Festival. Although theatricality was always a significant element in Pat Douthwaite's character, her ideas about performance, costume, and makeup never found an opportunity for full development. On one memorable occasion, however, her single performance work, Innana, was brought to being at the Traverse during the 1975 Edinburgh Festival and later seen in Glasgow at Third Eye Centre. Funded with money from the Scottish Arts Council and the Gulbenkian Foundation and based on an ancient Sumerian legend, this brought together huge screened blow-ups of her work with moving figures wearing costumes based on these same paintings. Important landmark as it was, being an extension into three dimensions with an added time element, the performance failed to please her - indeed, did anything? Pat Douthwaite was always difficult, if not impossible to satisfy when others were involved. But during the 1970s she did succeed in winning several Scottish Arts Council awards as well as the prestigious Hope Scott Award for lithography. As a present day peintre maudit, Pat was her own worst enemy, for indeed, she had many supporters, not least among them Richard Demarco in the early years. And later in her life she was even accepted by the Scottish Gallery, no less. Constantly haunted by a sense of failure and the feeling of being an outsider, Douthwaite had recently moved to Dundee. She is survived by her son.
Pat Douthwaite, artist; born July 28, 1939, died July 26, 2002.
A reader might justifiably have sensed that Hall, like myself, is an admirer of Pat Douthwaite's work. On an earlier occasion, indeed, he had drawn the Scots painter into the ambience of yet another major European genius. ''Like Baudelaire she is an artist able to create very directly and very beautifully out of the experience of evil whether it is felt as pain, alienation, or psychic distress.'' The lasting interest in such work, he felt, derives from the tension between the ugliness with which the artist grapples and the beauty of the means of expression.
Pat Douthwaite must have been born with this creative psychic imbalance. But she was fortunate in that circumstances allowed her to bypass the typical British barrier of inhibition that a conventional art education tends to erect.
Born in 1939, as a Glasgow eight-year-old she was sent to study mime, movement, and modern dance with Margaret Moms whose husband, JD Fergusson, undoubtedly influenced her attitude to drawing and painting, used as uninhibited self-expression.
Her first success, however, was in mime, when she won a Phyllis Calvert scholarship. And without any doubt performance, theatricality, remained at the very centre of her creativity.
Still barely out of her teens, Douthwaite went to live in Suffolk with a group of painters that included the expatriate Scots, Colquhoun, MacBryde, and Bill Crozier, a warren of uninhibited individualists in which she thrived, making huge, layered collages in which the influence of Dubuffet might be sensed. In East Anglia, Douthwaite met the already successful artist Paul Hogarth and they were married in 1960. It lasted 10 years after which she led a nomadic existence. Feeling increasingly alienated she lived but never settled in different parts of Ayrshire and the south of Scotland as well as Edinburgh.
In what was to be a turbulent existence - often enough, it must be said, of her own making - her growing mastery of means seldom failed her. Douthwaite, the raw female, remained at the centre of all her work, with all that that implies of vulnerability, unacceptable drives, emotional demands, frustrations, rages, and occasional ecstasies - yet still a million miles away from ''militant feminism''.
Her work is never less than alive with an inner energy, whether her subject matter concerns the languor or the lethal playfulness of cats or tigers, (and Douthwaite continually fed her vision by taking off for exotic, faraway places like India or Peru), the iconic figures of female bandits, media sex queens, or real-life heroines - Amy Johnson the aviator sparked off one of Douthwaite's most brilliantly sustained and memorable essays in self-identification. An interest in goddesses, too, women of mythology, came to a climax in a series of drawings done in collaboration with her friend, Robert Graves, who wrote the introduction to her exhibition, Worshipped Women, at the 1982 Edinburgh Festival.
Although theatricality was always a significant element in Pat Douthwaite's character, her ideas about performance, costume, and makeup never found an opportunity for full development. On one memorable occasion, however, her single performance work, Innana, was brought to being at the Traverse during the 1975 Edinburgh Festival and later seen in Glasgow at Third Eye Centre.
Funded with money from the Scottish Arts Council and the Gulbenkian Foundation and based on an ancient Sumerian legend, this brought together huge screened blow-ups of her work with moving figures wearing costumes based on these same paintings.
Important landmark as it was, being an extension into three dimensions with an added time element, the performance failed to please her - indeed, did anything?
Pat Douthwaite was always difficult, if not impossible to satisfy when others were involved. But during the 1970s she did succeed in winning several Scottish Arts Council awards as well as the prestigious Hope Scott Award for lithography.
As a present day peintre maudit, Pat was her own worst enemy, for indeed, she had many supporters, not least among them Richard Demarco in the early years. And later in her life she was even accepted by the Scottish Gallery, no less.
Constantly haunted by a sense of failure and the feeling of being an outsider, Douthwaite had recently moved to Dundee.
She is survived by her son.
Gerhard Richter
The legendary musician has sold a painting by German artist
Clapton paid just over $3 million for Abstraktes Bild (809-4) in 2001. It's one of a series of four Richter paintings from the 1990s of which Clapton owns three.
Music is close to Richter's heart though, the German having completed artwork for the cover of Sonic Youth's Daydream Nation album in 1988.
Clapton uses vast amounts of his wealth to fund a drug and alcohol rehab facility in Antigua.
Daydream Nation is the fifth studio album by American alternative rock band Sonic Youth.


Their first official double album, and their last before signing to a major label,
Daydream Nation was a critical success that earned Sonic Youth substantial acclaim and a major label deal. The album topped the year-end album lists of the NME, CMJ, and Melody Maker, and was placed second on the Village Voice Pazz & Jop poll. Several promotional singles were released from the album, the first being "Teen Age Riot", which charted on Billboard's newly created Modern Rock Tracks chart at number 20.
The album is widely considered to be the band's best work, and an influence on the alternative and indie rock genres. It was chosen by the Library of Congress to be preserved in the National Recording Registry in 2005.
Richter has simultaneously produced abstract and photorealistic painted works, as well as photographs and glass pieces, thus following the examples of Picasso and Jean Arp in undermining the concept of the artist’s obligation to maintain a single cohesive style.
Richter is regarded as the top-selling living artist. In October 2012, Richter's Abstraktes Bild set an auction record price for a painting by a living artist at £21m ($34m).
The son of a schoolteacher, Gerhard Richter was born in Dresden, Saxony, and grew up in Reichenau
In the early days of his career, he prepared a wall painting ("Communion with Picasso", 1955) for the refectory of this Academy of Arts as part of his B.A. Another mural followed at the Hygiene-Museum (German Hygiene Museum) entitled "Lebensfreude" ("Joy of life"), for his diploma and intended to produce an effect "similar to that of wall paper or tapestry".
Both paintings were painted over for ideological reasons after Richter escaped from East to West Germany (two months before the building of the Berlin Wall); after German reunification two "windows" of the wall painting Joy of life (1956) were uncovered in the stairway of the German Hygiene Museum, but these were later covered over when it was decided to restore the Museum to its original 1930 state. From 1957 to 1961 Richter worked as a master trainee in the academy and took orders for the former state of the GDR. During this time, he worked intensively on murals (Arbeiterkampf, which means Worker fight), on oil paintings (e.g.
When he escaped to West Germany, Richter began to study at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Karl Otto Götz. With Polke and Lueg he introduced the term Kapitalistischer Realismus (Capitalistic Realism) as an anti-style of art, appropriating the pictorial shorthand of advertising. This title also referred to the realist style of art known as Socialist Realism, then the official art doctrine of the Soviet Union, but it also commented upon the consumer-driven art doctrine of western capitalism. Later, Lueg founded the
In 1983, Richter resettled from Düsseldorf to Cologne, where he still lives and works today.
Richter married Marianne Eufinger in 1957; she gave birth to his first daughter. He married his second wife, the sculptor Isa Genzken, in 1982. Richter had a son and daughter with his third wife, Sabine Moritz after they were married in 1995.
Nearly all of Richter’s work demonstrates both illusionistic space that seems natural and the physical activity and material of painting—as mutual interferences. For Richter, reality is the combination of new attempts to understand—to represent; in his case, to paint—the world surrounding us.
Richter created various painting pictures from black-and-white photographs during the 1960s and early 1970s, basing them on a variety of sources: from newspapers and books, sometimes incorporating their captions, as in Helga Matura (1966); private snapshots; aerial views of towns and mountains, for example Cityscape Madrid (1968) and Alps (1968); seascapes (1969–70); and a large multi-partite work made for the German Pavilion in the 1972 Venice Biennale, Forty-eight Portraits (1971–2), for which he chose mainly the faces of composers such as Gustav Mahler and Jean Sibelius, and of writers such as H. G. Wells and Franz Kafka.
Many of these paintings are made in a multi-step process of representations. He starts with a photograph, which he has found or taken himself, and projects it onto his canvas, where he traces it for exact form. Taking his color palette from the photograph, he paints to replicate the look of the original picture. His hallmark "blur"—sometimes a softening by the light touch of a soft brush, sometimes a hard smear by an aggressive pull with his squeegee—has two effects:
- It offers the image a photographic appearance; and
- Paradoxically, it testifies the painter's actions, both skilled and coarse, and the plastic nature of the paint itself.
Richter has stated that the use of photographic imagery as a starting point for his early paintings resulted from an attempt to escape the complicated process of deciding what to paint, along with the critical and theoretical implications accompanying such decisions within the context of a modernist discourse. To achieve this, Richter began amassing photos from magazines, books, etc., many of which became the subject matter of his early photography-based paintings. Thus the Atlas was born: Atlas is an ongoing, encyclopedic work composed of approximately 4,000 photographs, reproductions or cut-out details of photographs and illustrations, grouped together on approximately 600 separate panels.[16] When Atlas was first exhibited in 1972 at the Museum for Hedendaagse Kunst
While elements of landscape painting appeared initially in Richter’s work early on in his career in 1963, the artist began his independent series of landscapes in 1968 after his first vacation, an excursion that landed him besotted with the terrain of Corsica.[From around 1964 Richter made a number of portraits of dealers, collectors, artists and others connected with his immediate professional circle. Richter's two portraits of Betty, his daughter, were made in 1977 and 1988 respectively; the three portraits titled IG were made in 1993 and depict the artist's second wife, Isa Genzken;
In 1975, on the occasion of a show in Düsseldorf, Gilbert and George
Richter began making prints in 1965. He was most active before 1974, only completing sporadic projects since that time. In the period 1965–74, during which Richter made most of his prints (more than 100), the same or similar subjects often occurred in both his paintings and prints. He has explored a variety of photographic printmaking processes – screenprint, photolithography, and collotype – in search of inexpensive mediums that would lend a "non-art" appearance to his work.
He stopped working in print media in 1974, at about the same time as he gave up painting from found photographs, and began to use photographs he took himself]
Richter's landscapes have emerged since 1968 as an independent work group in his oeuvre.[
According to Dietmar Elger, "Richter's landscapes are almost invariably understood in terms of the great historical tradition of German Romantic Painting. They are especially compared to the work of Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840).
In 1982 and 1983, Richter made a series of paintings of Candles and Skulls that relate to a longstanding tradition of still life memento mori painting. Each composition is most commonly based on a photograph taken by Richter in his own studio. Influenced by old master vanitas painters such as Georges de la Tour and Francisco de Zurbarán, the artist began to experiment with arrangements of candles and skulls placed in varying degrees of natural light, sitting atop otherwise barren tables. The Candle paintings coincided with his first large-scale abstract paintings, and represent the complete antithesis to those vast, colorful and playfully meaningless works. Richter has made only 27 of these still lifes.
In 1995, the artist marked the 50th anniversary of the allied bombings of his hometown Dresden during the Second World War. His solitary candle was reproduced on a monumental scale and placed overlooking the River Elbe as a symbol of rejuvenation]
In a 1988 series of 15 ambiguous photo paintings entitled Baader-Meinhof (October 18, 1977) he depicted four members of the Red Army Faction (RAF), a German left-wing terrorist organization. These paintings were created from black-and-white newspaper and police photos. Three RAF members were found dead in their prison cells on October 18, 1977, and the cause of their deaths was the focus of widespread controversy.In the late 1980s, Richter had begun to collect images of the group which he used as the basis for the 15 paintings exhibited for the first time in Krefeld in 1989. The paintings were based on an official portrait of Ulrike Meinhof
Since 1989, Richter has worked on creating new images by dragging wet paint over photographs. The photographs, not all taken by Richter himself, are mostly snapshots of daily life: family vacations, pictures of friends, mountains, buildings and streetscapes.
Richter was flying to New York on September 11, 2001, but due to the 9/11 attacks, including on the World Trade Center, his plane was diverted to Halifax, Nova Scotia. A few years later he made one small painting specifically about the planes crashing into the Twin Towers. In September: A History Painting by Gerhard Richter, Robert Storr situates Richter's 2005 painting "September" within a brand of anti-ideological thought that he finds throughout Richter’s work, he considers how the ubiquitous photographic documentation of the September 11th attacks affects the uniqueness of one’s distinct remembrance of the events, and he offers a valuable comparison to Richter’s “October 18, 1977” cycle]
In the 2000s, Richter made a number of works that dealt with scientific phenomena. In 2003, he produced several paintings with the same title: Silicate. Large oil-on-canvas pieces, these show latticed rows of light- and dark-grey blobs whose shapes quasi-repeat as they race across the frame, their angle modulating from painting to painting. They depict a photo, published in the FAZ, of a computer-generated simulacrum of reflections from the silicon dioxide found in insects' shells.
Abstract work
Coming full-circle from his early Table (1962) in which he cancelled his photorealist image with haptic swirls of grey paint,in 1969, Richter produced the first of a group of grey monochromes that consist exclusively of the textures resulting from different methods of paint application.In 1976, Richter first gave the title Abstract Painting to one of his works. By presenting a painting without even a few words to name and explain it, he felt he was “letting a thing come, rather than creating it.” In his abstract pictures, Richter builds up cumulative layers of non-representational painting, beginning with brushing big swaths of primary color onto canvas. The paintings evolve in stages, based on his responses to the picture’s progress: the incidental details and patterns that emerge. Throughout his process, Richter uses the same techniques he uses in his representational paintings, blurring and scraping to veil and expose prior layers. From the mid 1980s, Richter began to use a home-made squeegee to rub and scrape the paint that he had applied in large bands across his canvases. In the 1990s the artist began to run his squeegee up and down the canvas in an ordered fashion to produce vertical columns that take on the look of a wall of planks.
Richter’s abstract work is remarkable for the illusion of space that develops, ironically, out of his incidental process: an accumulation of spontaneous, reactive gestures of adding, moving, and subtracting paint. Despite unnatural palettes, spaceless sheets of color, and obvious trails of the artist’s tools, the abstract pictures often act like windows through which we see the landscape outside. As in his representational paintings, there is an equalization of illusion and paint. In those paintings, he reduces worldly images to mere incidents of Art. Similarly, in his abstract pictures, Richter exalts spontaneous, intuitive mark-making to a level of spatial logic and believability.
Firenze continues a cycle of 99 works conceived in the autumn of 1999 and executed in the same year and thereafter. The series of overpainted photographs, or übermalte Photographien, consists of small paintings bearing images of the city of Florence, created by the artist as a tribute to the music of Steve Reich and the work of Contempoartensemble, a Florence-based group of musicians.
After 2000, Richter made a number of works that dealt with scientific phenomena, in particular, with aspects of reality that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
In 2006, Richter conceived six paintings as a coherent group under the title Cage, named after the American avant-garde composer John Cage
As early as 1966 Richter had made paintings based on colour charts, using the rectangles of colour as found objects in an apparently limitless variety of hue; these culminated in 1973–4 in a series of large-format pictures such as 256 Colours. Richter painted three series of Color Chart paintings between 1966 and 1974, each series growing more ambitious in their attempt to create through their purely arbitrary arrangement of colors.
The artist began his investigations into the complex permutations of color charts in 1966, with a small painting entitled 10 Colors. The charts provided anonymous and impersonal source material, a way for Richter to disassociate color from any traditional, descriptive, symbolic or expressive end. When he began to make these paintings, Richter had his friend Blinky Palermo
Returning to color charts in the 1970s, Richter changed his focus from the readymade to the conceptual system, developing mathematical procedures for mixing colours and chance operations for their placement.
The range of the colors he employed was determined by a mathematical system for mixing the primary colors in graduated amounts. Each color was then randomly ordered to create the resultant composition and form of the painting. Richter's second series of Color Charts was begun in 1971 and consisted of only five paintings. In the final series of Color Charts which preoccupied Richter throughout 1973 and 1974, additional elements to this permutational system of color production were added in the form of mixes of a light grey, a dark gray and later, a green.
Richter’s 4900 Colours from 2007 consisted of bright monochrome squares that have been randomly arranged in a grid pattern to create stunning fields of kaleidoscopic color. It was produced at the same time he developed his design for the south transept window of Cologne Cathedral. 4900 Colours consists of 196 panels in 25 colors that can be reassembled in 11 variations – from a single expansive surface to multiple small-format fields. Richter developed Version II – 49 paintings, each of which measures 97 by 97 centimeters – especially for the Serpentine Gallery.
Cologne Cathedral
The Gerhard Richter Archive was established in cooperation with the artist in 2005 as an institute of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden.
He also served as source of inspiration for writers and musicians. The original, over 7 metres (23 ft) square, is now showcased in Sonic Youth's studio in NYC. Don DeLillo's short story "Looking at Meinhof" describes an encounter between two strangers at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The meeting takes place in the room displaying October 18, 1977 (1988)
Today museums own roughly 38% of Richter's works, including half of his large abstract paintings.
Already by 2004, Richter’s annual turnover was $120m (£65m).[
At the same time, his works often appear at auction. According to artnet, an online firm that tracks the art market, $76.9m worth of Richter’s work was sold at auction in 2010. Richter's high turnover volume reflects his prolificacy as well as his popularity. As of 2012, no fewer than 545 distinct Richter's works had sold at auctions for more than $100,000. 15 of them had sold for more than $10,000,000 between 2007 and 2012.
Richter’s paintings have been flowing steadily out of Germany since the mid-1990s even as certain important German collectors — Frieder Burda, Josef Fröhlich, Georg Böckmann, and Ulrich Ströher — have held on to theirs.
Richter's candle paintings were the first to command high auction prices. Three months after his MoMA exhibition opened in 2001, Sotheby's sold his Three Candles (1982) for $5.3 million. In February 2008, the artist's eldest daughter, Betty sold her Kerze (1983) for £7,972,500 ($15 million), triple the high estimate, at Sotheby's in London.
His 1982 Kerze (Candle) sold for £10.5 million ($16.5 million) at Christie's London in October 2011.
In February 2008, Christie's London set a first record for Richter's “capitalist realism” pictures from the 1960s by selling the painting Zwei Liebespaare (1966) for £7,300,500 ($14.3 million) to Stephan Schmidheiny.
In 2010, the Weserburg Modern Art Museum in Bremen, Germany, decided to sell Richter’s 1966 painting Matrosen (Sailors) in a November auction held by Sotheby’s, where John D. Arnol bought it for $13 million.
Another coveted group of works is the “Abstrakte Bilder” series, particularly those made after 1988, which are finished with a large squeegee rather than a brush or roller. At Pierre Bergé & Associés in July 2009, Richter’s 1979 oil painting Abstraktes Bild exceeded its estimate, selling for €95,000 ($136,000).
Richter's Abstraktes Bild, of 1990 was made the top price of 7.2 million pounds, or about $11.6 million, at a Sotheby's sale in February 2011 to a bidder who was said by dealers to be an agent for the New York dealer Larry Gagosian.
In November 2011, Sotheby’s was selling a group of colorful abstract canvases by Richter, including Abstraktes Bild 849-3 from the collection of Marc and Victoria Sursock, a dreamy 1997 canvas of pinks and blues that was estimated at $9 million to $12 million. It made a record price for the artist at auction when Lily Safra paid $20.8 million[only to donate it to the Israel Museum afterwards. Only months later, a record $21.8 million was paid at Christie's for the 1993 painting Abstraktes Bild 798-3.[76] At Art Basel in 2012, Pace Gallery reportedly sold the red, blue and yellow abstract AB Courbet (1986), priced at about $25 million.When asked about amounts like that Richter said "It's just as absurd as the banking crisis. It's impossible to understand and it's daft!
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